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Copyright (©): copyright protects original artistic, musical, literary and dramatic works that have been recorded in some form (e.g. written down, recorded or filmed), including recorded songs and the content of books. It also protects computer software in certain circumstances. Unlike other forms of intellectual property, copyright does not need to be registered; in the UK it arises automatically upon the creation (in a tangible form) of the relevant materials and (subject to certain exceptions) generally lasts throughout the creator’s lifetime, plus an additional 70 years after their death. 

Patents: patents protect inventions (including processes, devices, technical features and functionalities) that have an ascertainable use or application and are new, unique and non-obvious. They can be integral for protecting the technology used to create market-leading consumer goods, for example Dyson vacuum cleaners and Apple iPhones, as they can afford the holder exclusive rights over the patented subject matter for 20 years.

Trademarks (™): trademarks protect words, signs and symbols (e.g. company slogans, logos and brands) that are capable of graphic representation and help to distinguish the holder’s goods or services from those supplied by other businesses. Examples include the Coca Cola logo, McDonalds golden arches and Nike tick. Moreover, if a trademark has not been directly infringed, but the overall impression of a brand or product could confuse consumers into associating that brand or product with another business, this is known as “passing off” and can still result in liability arising. A key difference between trademarks and other forms of intellectual property protection is that trademarks can offer perpetual protection (as long as the relevant trademark is actually used and the registration is renewed every 10 years).

Geographical indications (GI): geographical indications are names or signs that identify goods as originating in specific geographical locations, where a given quality, reputation, production method or other characteristic is attributable to that origin. For example, goods can only be labelled “Darjeeling Tea” or “Champagne” if they were produced in the Indian city of Darjeeling or the French province of Champagne. 

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