Conclusion Follows
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Conclusion Follows
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Conclusion Follows
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In a certain recycling company that generously rewarded workers for each new client they brought in, it was found that 15 percent of the workers brought in three or more new clients last year. Among workers who had bribed clients to get their business, 25 per cent brought in three or more new clients last year.
Proposed conclusion: The workers that had not used bribes earned more money than the ones who did, because the bribers also lost money in the process of bringing in clients.
Although you might intuitively assume that the bribes used by some of the workers were cash bribes, this might not have been the case. The bribes might have taken a non-monetary form, for example a week’s free accommodation in a worker’s holiday home, or a bottle of whisky already owned by the worker. In such circumstances, those who used bribes wouldn’t have lost “money” in the process of bringing in clients.
Moreover, we don’t know precisely how many clients were brought in by those who used bribes; we’re only told that some brought in “three or more” clients. For all we know, some of those workers may have brought in many more than three clients as a result of the bribes, meaning they could have earned more money overall, even after deducting the cost of any cash bribes paid.
No one has ever proven that babies who are slow to gain weight in the first few months of their lives generally don’t catch up to their peers by age 13.
Proposed conclusion: Babies who are slow to gain weight usually catch up with their 13-year-old peers.
The fact that nobody has ever proven that babies who are initially slow to gain weight do not catch up with their peers by age 13 does not necessarily mean that they do catch up. There may simply have been no studies on the subject.
When I go to work in the morning, I usually leave my house at 7:00 am and take the bus into the city. On rare occasions, however, I stay overnight at my aunt’s house and take the underground to work.
Proposed conclusion: My workplace is in the city.
We know that the maker of the statements in the primary passage starts their work commute from home by travelling into the city, but we are not told whether this is their final stop before reaching their workplace. For example, they might take the bus into the city, then take a train to another location outside the city.
Although the person takes the underground to work when staying at their aunt’s, their workplace might be close to an underground station that is located outside of the city. Even if you associate underground trains with cities, we are not told in the passage that this particular underground only runs within the city, so we cannot conclude beyond reasonable doubt that this is the case.
Professor Diamond grades his class based on a grading curve in which the highest grade in each class on the final counts as an A and the lowest grade as an F, with all other scores adjusted accordingly. So, if an exam is worth 40 points, and the highest actual score is 36 points, then that person gets 100 percent and everybody else gets a percentage relative to it.
Proposed conclusion: If a student in professor Diamond’s class scores 0%, he or she will get an F.
The primary passage states that the lowest grade achieved by a member of the class will count as an F.
Although it’s technically possible that professors could introduce negative marking into their assessments (meaning a student could theoretically score below 0%), we can assume beyond reasonable doubt that 0% is the lowest grade that a member of the class could score. Note that it doesn’t matter if in reality none of the students are likely to score as low as 0%; the proposed conclusion simply states what the grade classification would be if a student did score 0%.
Granted it is also technically possible that if all students scored 0%, this might affect the grade classification, as the grading curve could not be implemented in the manner envisaged. However, as this scenario – and the negative marking scenario - are incredibly unlikely, we can conclude – beyond all reasonable doubt – that the conclusion follows.
A recent study of 1,000 full-time employees found that 60% reported increased productivity when working from home. However, 40% of participants also reported feeling more isolated and disengaged. The study noted that workers over 40 were more likely to prefer office-based work, while those under 30 generally favoured remote work. Companies are now considering hybrid work models to balance these preferences.
Proposed conclusion: Working from home is more productive than working in the office.
", "text_explanation": "The statement mentions that 60% of office workers “reported increased productivity” when working from home, but this does not account for the remaining 40%. Additionally, this conclusion relies on the study of 1,000 office workers being generalisable across industries, etc. for it to be true, which we cannot say.", "quiz_id": 1211952, "position": 4, "display_type": "radio", "choice_ids": [ 105455009, 105455010 ] }, { "id": 29334262, "prompt": "A recent study of 1,000 full-time employees found that 60% reported increased productivity when working from home. However, 40% of participants also reported feeling more isolated and disengaged. The study noted that workers over 40 were more likely to prefer office-based work, while those under 30 generally favoured remote work. Companies are now considering hybrid work models to balance these preferences.
Proposed conclusion: All younger workers prefer remote work.
", "text_explanation": "While the passage indicates that those under 30 “generally” favoured remote work, it doesn't support an absolute statement about all younger workers.", "quiz_id": 1211952, "position": 5, "display_type": "radio", "choice_ids": [ 105455011, 105455012 ] }, { "id": 29334263, "prompt": "A recent study of 1,000 full-time employees found that 60% reported increased productivity when working from home. However, 40% of participants also reported feeling more isolated and disengaged. The study noted that workers over 40 were more likely to prefer office-based work, while those under 30 generally favoured remote work. Companies are now considering hybrid work models to balance these preferences.
Proposed conclusion: Companies are recognising the need to adapt to the varying preferences of their workforce.
", "text_explanation": "The passage mentions that companies are considering hybrid work models to balance preferences, which implies recognising the need to adapt to varying preferences. However, the conclusion is not immediately obvious because no changes have been implemented yet, and there is not a direct statement about recognising workers’ needs.", "quiz_id": 1211952, "position": 6, "display_type": "radio", "choice_ids": [ 105455013, 105455014 ] }, { "id": 29334264, "prompt": "A recent study of 1,000 full-time employees found that 60% reported increased productivity when working from home. However, 40% of participants also reported feeling more isolated and disengaged. The study noted that workers over 40 were more likely to prefer office-based work, while those under 30 generally favoured remote work. Companies are now considering hybrid work models to balance these preferences.
Proposed conclusion: Working from home may have negative effects on the well-being of some office workers.
", "text_explanation": "There’s no confirmation in the passage that remote working alone is enough to have a net negative outcome on workers’ wellbeing. However, the passage mentions that 40% “reported feeling more isolated” - which is a negative effect on well-being - so this statement feels reasonable as a conclusion.", "quiz_id": 1211952, "position": 7, "display_type": "radio", "choice_ids": [ 105455015, 105455016 ] }, { "id": 29334265, "prompt": "A recent study of 1,000 full-time employees found that 60% reported increased productivity when working from home. However, 40% of participants also reported feeling more isolated and disengaged. The study noted that workers over 40 were more likely to prefer office-based work, while those under 30 generally favoured remote work. Companies are now considering hybrid work models to balance these preferences.
Proposed conclusion: Office-based work will be completely phased out in the near future.
", "text_explanation": "The passage suggests a balance between preferences and mentions consideration of hybrid models, which doesn't support the conclusion that office-based work will be entirely eliminated.", "quiz_id": 1211952, "position": 8, "display_type": "radio", "choice_ids": [ 105455017, 105455018 ] }, { "id": 29334266, "prompt": "A recent study of 1,000 full-time employees found that 60% reported increased productivity when working from home. However, 40% of participants also reported feeling more isolated and disengaged. The study noted that workers over 40 were more likely to prefer office-based work, while those under 30 generally favoured remote work. Companies are now considering hybrid work models to balance these preferences.
Proposed conclusion: The study concludes that companies should transition to a fully remote work model to improve productivity.
", "text_explanation": "Although the primary passage notes an improvement in productivity – which could lead to an inference about transitioning to remote work – the study reaches no conclusion about “fully” transitioning to remote work. Moreover, the study highlighted a mixed response to remote work as “40% felt more isolated and disengaged”. A full transition to remote working overlooks the nuance of the study’s findings.", "quiz_id": 1211952, "position": 9, "display_type": "radio", "choice_ids": [ 105455019, 105455020 ] }, { "id": 29334267, "prompt": "A recent study of 1,000 full-time employees found that 60% reported increased productivity when working from home. However, 40% of participants also reported feeling more isolated and disengaged. The study noted that workers over 40 were more likely to prefer office-based work, while those under 30 generally favoured remote work. Companies are now considering hybrid work models to balance these preferences.
Proposed conclusion: Considering the psychological impact of working from home could be important when implementing work-from-home policies.
", "text_explanation": "The passage states that “40% of participants also reported feeling more isolated and disengaged”. Isolation and disengagement can be interpreted as psychological impacts, and these impacts could have a negative effect on an employer’s business (e.g. low morale, poor employee retention, decreased productivity etc.). Accordingly, we can conclude that considering such effects “could be” important (note that “could be” isn’t as definitive as “will be”, making it easier to draw this conclusion). ", "quiz_id": 1211952, "position": 10, "display_type": "radio", "choice_ids": [ 105455021, 105455022 ] }, { "id": 29334268, "prompt": "The city of Greenville has implemented a new inner-city farming initiative, converting vacant lots into community gardens. Local residents can now grow their own fruit and vegetables, and excess harvest is donated to food banks. Since the programme started last year, participation has grown by 200%, and local food banks report a 15% increase in fresh produce donations. However, some residents have expressed concerns about potential increased foot traffic and noise in their neighbourhoods.
Proposed conclusion: The city farming initiative has been well-received by most of the community.
", "text_explanation": "The 200% growth in participation suggests strong community acceptance and engagement. However, if the initial number of participants was small, a 200% increase in this figure could still constitute a very small subset of the community. The conclusion therefore does not follow from the information we’ve been given.", "quiz_id": 1211952, "position": 11, "display_type": "radio", "choice_ids": [ 105455023, 105455024 ] }, { "id": 29334269, "prompt": "The city of Greenville has implemented a new inner-city farming initiative, converting vacant lots into community gardens. Local residents can now grow their own fruit and vegetables, and excess harvest is donated to food banks. Since the programme started last year, participation has grown by 200%, and local food banks report a 15% increase in fresh produce donations. However, some residents have expressed concerns about potential increased foot traffic and noise in their neighbourhoods.
Proposed conclusion: All residents support the conversion of vacant lots into community gardens.
", "text_explanation": "The passage mentions concerns from some residents, indicating that not everyone supports the initiative.", "quiz_id": 1211952, "position": 12, "display_type": "radio", "choice_ids": [ 105455025, 105455026 ] }, { "id": 29334270, "prompt": "The city of Greenville has implemented a new inner-city farming initiative, converting vacant lots into community gardens. Local residents can now grow their own fruit and vegetables, and excess harvest is donated to food banks. Since the programme started last year, participation has grown by 200%, and local food banks report a 15% increase in fresh produce donations. However, some residents have expressed concerns about potential increased foot traffic and noise in their neighbourhoods.
Proposed conclusion: The inner-city farming initiative has had a negative impact on the quality of life for some residents.
", "text_explanation": "The statement mentions concerns about “potential increased foot traffic and noise”, but it does not confirm that these concerns have actually materialised, nor had an actual negative impact on the quality of life of the residents.", "quiz_id": 1211952, "position": 13, "display_type": "radio", "choice_ids": [ 105455027, 105455028 ] }, { "id": 29334271, "prompt": "The city of Greenville has implemented a new inner-city farming initiative, converting vacant lots into community gardens. Local residents can now grow their own fruit and vegetables, and excess harvest is donated to food banks. Since the programme started last year, participation has grown by 200%, and local food banks report a 15% increase in fresh produce donations. However, some residents have expressed concerns about potential increased foot traffic and noise in their neighbourhoods.
Proposed conclusion: The initiative has significantly improved access to fresh produce for low-income residents.
", "text_explanation": "\nWhile the passage mentions that “excess harvest is donated to food banks” which might help low-income residents, it does not confirm the degree of impact/improvement (meaning we cannot conclude that the improvement is “significant”). ", "quiz_id": 1211952, "position": 14, "display_type": "radio", "choice_ids": [ 105455029, 105455030 ] }, { "id": 29334272, "prompt": "The city of Greenville has implemented a new inner-city farming initiative, converting vacant lots into community gardens. Local residents can now grow their own fruit and vegetables, and excess harvest is donated to food banks. Since the programme started last year, participation has grown by 200%, and local food banks report a 15% increase in fresh produce donations. However, some residents have expressed concerns about potential increased foot traffic and noise in their neighbourhoods.
Proposed conclusion: The increase in fresh produce donations to local food banks is linked to the inner-city farming initiative.
", "text_explanation": "The conclusion assumes a direct causal link between the initiative and the increase in donations. Although this is not explicitly confirmed in the passage, we can conclude beyond reasonable doubt that the 15% increase in fresh produce donations to food banks is linked to the implementation of the initiative. ", "quiz_id": 1211952, "position": 15, "display_type": "radio", "choice_ids": [ 105455031, 105455032 ] }, { "id": 29334273, "prompt": "Tech start-up InnovateBlue has developed a new AI-powered personal assistant that can understand and respond to complex voice commands. Early adopters report that the assistant can handle tasks ranging from scheduling appointments to providing detailed research summaries. However, privacy advocates have raised concerns about the amount of personal data the assistant collects, and such concerns are shared by some clients and investors. InnovateBlue has previously evidenced that it uses secure encryption to protect user data.
Proposed conclusion: InnovateBlue should be more transparent about how user data is collected and used .
", "text_explanation": "The passage mentions concerns raised by privacy advocates about the “amount of personal data” collected…which could be unappealing to clients and investors”. Whilst this doesn’t necessitate InnovateBlue being transparent in their data collection and usage, beyond reasonable doubt, the company has a vested interest in mitigating concerns to clients and investors, which greater transparency could support. Therefore, this conclusion follows. ", "quiz_id": 1211952, "position": 16, "display_type": "radio", "choice_ids": [ 105455033, 105455034 ] }, { "id": 29334274, "prompt": "Tech start-up InnovateBlue has developed a new AI-powered personal assistant that can understand and respond to complex voice commands. Early adopters report that the assistant can handle tasks ranging from scheduling appointments to providing detailed research summaries. However, privacy advocates have raised concerns about the amount of personal data the assistant collects, and such concerns are shared by some clients and investors. InnovateBlue has previously evidenced that it uses secure encryption to protect user data.
Proposed conclusion: All users of the AI assistant are satisfied with its performance.
", "text_explanation": "While early adopters report positive experiences, the passage doesn't provide information about all users' satisfaction.", "quiz_id": 1211952, "position": 17, "display_type": "radio", "choice_ids": [ 105455035, 105455036 ] }, { "id": 29334275, "prompt": "Tech start-up InnovateBlue has developed a new AI-powered personal assistant that can understand and respond to complex voice commands. Early adopters report that the assistant can handle tasks ranging from scheduling appointments to providing detailed research summaries. However, privacy advocates have raised concerns about the amount of personal data the assistant collects, and such concerns are shared by some clients and investors. InnovateBlue has previously evidenced that it uses secure encryption to protect user data.
Proposed conclusion: InnovateBlue's personal assistant is more advanced than other AI-powered assistants currently available.
", "text_explanation": "The passage mentions that the assistant “can understand and respond to complex voice commands”, but it does not compare it to other AI-powered assistants. The conclusion assumes that InnovateBlue's assistant is more advanced than others, which is not supported by the information provided in the passage. ", "quiz_id": 1211952, "position": 18, "display_type": "radio", "choice_ids": [ 105455037, 105455038 ] }, { "id": 29334276, "prompt": "Tech start-up InnovateBlue has developed a new AI-powered personal assistant that can understand and respond to complex voice commands. Early adopters report that the assistant can handle tasks ranging from scheduling appointments to providing detailed research summaries. However, privacy advocates have raised concerns about the amount of personal data the assistant collects, and such concerns are shared by some clients and investors. InnovateBlue has previously evidenced that it uses secure encryption to protect user data.
Proposed conclusion: The personal assistant is effective for professional use.
", "text_explanation": "While the passage states that the AI personal assistant can schedule appointments and provide research summaries, it doesn’t talk about professional use. Moreover, until alleged privacy issues have been resolved, this could be too great a barrier for the software to be adopted in a professional capacity. Therefore the conclusion does not follow.", "quiz_id": 1211952, "position": 19, "display_type": "radio", "choice_ids": [ 105455039, 105455040 ] }, { "id": 29334277, "prompt": "Tech start-up InnovateBlue has developed a new AI-powered personal assistant that can understand and respond to complex voice commands. Early adopters report that the assistant can handle tasks ranging from scheduling appointments to providing detailed research summaries. However, privacy advocates have raised concerns about the amount of personal data the assistant collects, and such concerns are shared by some clients and investors. InnovateBlue has previously evidenced that it uses secure encryption to protect user data.
Proposed conclusion: The personal assistant poses a significant risk to user privacy.
", "text_explanation": "The statement mentions concerns raised by privacy advocates about the “amount of personal data collected”, but it does not confirm that these concerns translate into an actual risk, let alone a significant risk. Along with the mitigation of risk provided by InnovateBlue’s encryption methods; this conclusion is not supported by the information provided in the passage.", "quiz_id": 1211952, "position": 20, "display_type": "radio", "choice_ids": [ 105455041, 105455042 ] }, { "id": 29334278, "prompt": "Global shipping company Making Waves has announced plans to transition 50% of its boats to hydrogen-power by 2030. The company claims this move will reduce its carbon emissions by 40% compared to current levels. While environmental groups have praised the initiative, some industry analysts question the feasibility of the timeline given the current state of hydrogen fuel technology. Making Waves maintains that recent advancements in hydrogen production mean their goal is achievable.
Proposed conclusion: Making Waves is committed to reducing its environmental impact.
", "text_explanation": "The plan to transition half the boats to hydrogen power and reduce emissions supports this conclusion beyond reasonable doubt (even though the passage doesn’t explicitly confirm Making Waves’ primary motivation for the transition, which could have been – for example – future cost savings, or the desire to ensure compliance with anticipated future regulations)", "quiz_id": 1211952, "position": 21, "display_type": "radio", "choice_ids": [ 105455043, 105455044 ] }, { "id": 29334279, "prompt": "Global shipping company Making Waves has announced plans to transition 50% of its boats to hydrogen-power by 2030. The company claims this move will reduce its carbon emissions by 40% compared to current levels. While environmental groups have praised the initiative, some industry analysts question the feasibility of the timeline given the current state of hydrogen fuel technology. Making Waves maintains that recent advancements in hydrogen production mean their goal is achievable.
Proposed conclusion: The transition to hydrogen-powered ships will be easy for Making Waves to achieve.
", "text_explanation": "Industry analysts' concerns about the feasibility suggest that the transition may not be straightforward.", "quiz_id": 1211952, "position": 22, "display_type": "radio", "choice_ids": [ 105455045, 105455046 ] }, { "id": 29334280, "prompt": "Global shipping company Making Waves has announced plans to transition 50% of its boats to hydrogen-power by 2030. The company claims this move will reduce its carbon emissions by 40% compared to current levels. While environmental groups have praised the initiative, some industry analysts question the feasibility of the timeline given the current state of hydrogen fuel technology. Making Waves maintains that recent advancements in hydrogen production mean their goal is achievable.
Proposed conclusion: Making Waves' initiative could significantly reduce carbon emissions in the shipping industry.
", "text_explanation": "Although the passage describes Making Waves reducing its carbon emissions by “40% compared to current levels”, the conclusion does not follow as the passage doesn’t provide enough information to discern the difference this reduction would make across the shipping industry as a whole.", "quiz_id": 1211952, "position": 23, "display_type": "radio", "choice_ids": [ 105455047, 105455048 ] }, { "id": 29334281, "prompt": "Global shipping company Making Waves has announced plans to transition 50% of its boats to hydrogen-power by 2030. The company claims this move will reduce its carbon emissions by 40% compared to current levels. While environmental groups have praised the initiative, some industry analysts question the feasibility of the timeline given the current state of hydrogen fuel technology. Making Waves maintains that recent advancements in hydrogen production mean their goal is achievable.
Proposed conclusion: Most environmental groups support Making Waves's hydrogen transition plan.
", "text_explanation": "While some groups have praised the initiative, the passage doesn't indicate across-the-board support from all environmental groups.", "quiz_id": 1211952, "position": 24, "display_type": "radio", "choice_ids": [ 105455049, 105455050 ] }, { "id": 29334282, "prompt": "Global shipping company Making Waves has announced plans to transition 50% of its boats to hydrogen-power by 2030. The company claims this move will reduce its carbon emissions by 40% compared to current levels. While environmental groups have praised the initiative, some industry analysts question the feasibility of the timeline given the current state of hydrogen fuel technology. Making Waves maintains that recent advancements in hydrogen production mean their goal is achievable.
Proposed conclusion: There is debate about the current readiness of hydrogen fuel technology for large-scale shipping.
", "text_explanation": "The questions raised by industry analysts about the “feasibility of the timeline”, contrasted with Making Waves's confidence, indicates there is an ongoing debate in the industry, which supports this conclusion.", "quiz_id": 1211952, "position": 25, "display_type": "radio", "choice_ids": [ 105455051, 105455052 ] }, { "id": 29334283, "prompt": "Global shipping company Making Waves has announced plans to transition 50% of its boats to hydrogen-power by 2030. The company claims this move will reduce its carbon emissions by 40% compared to current levels. While environmental groups have praised the initiative, some industry analysts question the feasibility of the timeline given the current state of hydrogen fuel technology. Making Waves maintains that recent advancements in hydrogen production mean their goal is achievable.
Proposed conclusion: The transition to hydrogen power may face significant technological challenges.
", "text_explanation": "The passage explains that “industry analysts question the feasibility of the timeline due to the current state of hydrogen fuel technology” which suggests that it’s reasonable to conclude there are technological challenges. Although “significant technological challenges” aren’t explicitly mentioned in the passage (meaning this is not a clear-cut conclusion), the conclusion says “may face” rather than “will face”, which gives more flexibility to state that the conclusion follows.", "quiz_id": 1211952, "position": 26, "display_type": "radio", "choice_ids": [ 105455053, 105455054 ] } ] }